ZnO nanowire UV photodetectors: At the intersection of flexibility, biocompatibility, and visible blindness

Zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) and other ZnO-based nanocrystals are used in ultraviolet (UV) photodetection because of their mechanical flexibility, high UV sensitivity, and inherent biocompatibility. This review primarily focuses on recent advances in integrating ZnO NWs into UV photodetectors, while also providing a general overview of other ZnO morphologies. Special attention is given to biocompatible devices, with an emphasis on optimizing their physical and electronic properties to enhance performance under varying environmental conditions. Special emphasis is placed on novel composite structures, in which ZnO NWs are combined with flexible substrates and biocompatible materials for use in wearable health monitoring and real-time environmental sensing devices. The review also explores the combination of ZnO with other materials for better photodetector performance in the UV spectrum. Looking forward, we highlight the potential of self-powered and smart UV photodetectors integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which could revolutionize environmental monitoring and public health by providing seamless, real-time analytical capabilities.