Why aren't electric vehicles taking over? Exploring the drivers and barriers to adoption: a systematic review, theoretical framework, and future directions

Rapid urbanization and increased dependence on private automobiles have positioned the transport sector as a primary contributor to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising solution to mitigate these emissions and combat climate change. Despite growing interest and technological advancements, EV adoption and sustained use remain limited in many contexts. This study conducts a systematic literature review to examine the multifaceted drivers and barriers influencing EV adoption and actual usage. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in Scopus and Web of Science databases, covering peer-reviewed studies published between 2012 and 2024. A total of 10,259 records were identified, of which 136 studies were retained after duplicate removal, screening, and full-text eligibility assessment. The studies were coded and synthesized to categorize the factors influencing electric vehicle adoption into economic, psychological, social, environmental, technological, and trust-related dimensions. The review reveals a persistent intention-usage gap, where positive consumer attitudes do not consistently translate into actual use, primarily due to high cost, inadequate charging infrastructure, and perceived risk. Based on the synthesis, a conceptual framework is proposed to explain interactions between drivers, barriers, and actual EV usage. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders seeking to accelerate the transition towards sustainable transportation and highlight key directions for future research on post-adoption behavior.