What makes MXenes emergent materials for the adsorption of heavy metals from water? A critical review

MXene-based materials have demonstrated remarkable adsorption potential for the removal of toxic metal ions from an aqueous environment. This article critically assessed the recent advances in applications of MXene-based materials for the adsorptive elimination of metal ions from the aqueous phase. The heavy metals removal by different MXene-based adsorbents is evaluated and described in detail, with an emphasis on the effect of key influencing factors such as solution pH, concentration of metal ions, adsorbent dosage, temperature, contact time, and the presence of coexisting ions. The heavy metals uptake mechanisms are carefully evaluated and the reusability potential is also explored. Major hurdles related to the MXenes and their derived adsorbents in real water treatment are also highlighted, and recommendations regarding future research gaps are provided.