Utilization of river tamarind stem driven biochar for efficient removal of phenol dye from polluted water: insights from adsorption studies

River tamarind (RT) stem–derived biochar (BC) was studied as a potential adsorbent to remove hazardous dyes from contaminated water. The study elucidates the adsorption behavior and capacity of this novel BC through established Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Furthermore, a comprehensive array of statistical analyses, including t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), paired t-tests, and chi-square tests (χ2 observed = 0.4155), was employed to discern correlations between different experimental conditions and the dye adsorption properties and capacity of the BC. Karl Pearson’s coefficient (0.999) was calculated to explore potential relationships among key variables. The findings reveal that the RT stem biochar exhibits remarkable efficacy in removing phenol dye, achieving a removal efficiency of 98% from polluted water. This study provides valuable insights into the adsorption capabilities of this new BC and its suitability for addressing water pollution challenges posed by phenol dyes. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.)