Using remote sensing to improve geotechnical monitoring: new ideas and possibilities

The study focuses on using remote sensing methods for geotechnical monitoring and disaster management in Saudi Arabia. Surface changes were analysed through satellite image processing, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) surveys, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) assessments, revealing significant landform alterations and ground subsidence. High-resolution LiDAR data enabled precise terrain and elevation measurements, while statistical analyses quantified movement rates across three designated hazard zones (Zones A, B, and C based on deformation characteristics), identifying Zone C as the most active. Temporal trend analysis showed seasonal fluctuations and stability concerns. Geographic Information System (GIS)-based spatial analysis produced slope stability maps that support land use planning and hazard mitigation. Integrating Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) enhanced real-time monitoring, with simulations confirming their reliability. The study underscores the vital role of continuous remote sensing and data integration for disaster preparedness, resilient infrastructure, and sustainable risk management in Saudi Arabia.