Ultrasonication ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of palladium in water samples and determination of microsampler system-assisted FAAS

In the proposed approach, a simple and efficient ultrasonication ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (UIL-DLLME) was described. Microsampler system-assisted flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used at the determination step of Pd(II). 1-Phenylthiosemicarbazide (PTC) and 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C₆mim][Tf₂N] were used as the chelating agent and the extraction solvent of UIL-DLLME, respectively. Ultrasonication was used for dispersing of [C₆mim][TF₂N] into samples. Different experimental conditions affecting UIL-DLLME of Pd(II) were examined and optimized. The analytical performance characteristics of investigated method including limit of quantification (33 μg L⁻¹), limit of detection (11 μg L⁻¹), relative standard deviation (% 3.1), linear range (33–500 μg L⁻¹), and enrichment factor (52) were calculated. The optimized UIL-DLLME was applied to different water samples.