Traffic congestion, wellbeing and urban sustainability: a pathway to sustainable cities and communities

Drawing on survey data for the year 2023 of urban Pakistan, we aim to explain the complex mechanism by which traffic congestion affects subjective wellbeing (SWB). The sample comprises federal and provincial capital cities and is allocated proportionally. We use the Yamane formula to determine the sample size of 400 respondents. The data is collected through stratified random sampling. We add to the happiness studies by applying a structural equation modelling framework to analyse the effects of traffic congestion on satisfaction with environmental quality; satisfaction with commuting time and subjective wellbeing in general. Using commute-time duration, noise pollution and air quality index as instrumental variables for traffic congestion index, we find that traffic congestion index is negatively associated with SWB, satisfaction with commuting time and satisfaction with environmental quality. In contrast, the self-reported health status has a positive influence and is the major determinant of SWB that fully mediates the relationship between traffic congestion and SWB. Moreover, public transportation adds to wellbeing and combats the negative effects of traffic congestion. To improve general wellbeing and to reduce traffic congestion, the government is advised to enhance investment in public transportation, discourage the excessive use of private vehicles, and encourage public transport and non-motorized vehicles.