Thermal-natural convection and entropy production behavior of hybrid nanoliquid flow under the effects of magnetic field through a porous wavy cavity embodies three circular cylinders

In this numerical contribution, hybrid nanofluid flow behavior, thermal characteristics, and entropy generation analysis through a porous enclosure containing three circular cylinders with magnetic field effects were investigated using finite element approach. The cylinders are arranged in horizontal arrangement in the middle of cavity height, and the active hot central cylinder can move along the vertical central axis while other cold cylinders are considered fixed. The cylinders are enclosed by an adiabatic wavy cavity loaded with Cu-Al₂O₃-water. The results are discussed for the scrutinized parameters e.g., Rayleigh number (Ra), Darcy number (Da), Hartmann number (Ha), relative position of the hot cylinder (δ), and concentration in volume of nanoparticles (ϕ). It was inferred that the thermal-natural convective flow and overall heat transmission were reinforced by boosting Ra and Da, and lowering Ha. Changing the relative position of the hot cylinder has a remarkable effect on nanoliquid flow patterns, convective heat transfer and entropy generation characteristics.