The effect of turbulence promoters on DCMD process: A comprehensive review

Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) has emerged as a crucial technology with significant importance in addressing challenges related to water recycling and desalination. In recent years, substantial advancements have been made in overcoming obstacles like fouling, polarization, and scaling as well as optimizing DCMD systems. Researchers have focused on improving membrane materials, enhancing system design, and developing advanced control strategies to maximize system performance. One of the promising approaches in this regard is improved membrane module design aimed at promoting turbulence. This review delves into the critical aspect of promoting turbulence in DCMD systems to bolster mass and heat transfer efficiency. This study aims to evaluate various operational and design parameters, unveiling their impact on fluid flow and turbulence conditions within the membrane module. The latest methods in promoting turbulence have been categorized, critically discussed, and compared to assess their effectiveness in increasing the competitiveness of DCMD. In addition, current challenges in enhancing DCMD performance and future research directions fostering potential applications to improve productivity.