Techno-Economic Optimization Framework for EV and Renewable Hosting Capacity Planning

The global transition toward sustainability and net-zero emissions has accelerated the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources (RESs). However, large-scale EV charging increases stress on conventional generation and may raise carbon emissions, while high RES penetration introduces operational challenges due to variability. To address these issues, this paper proposes a coordinated planning framework that balances the hosting capacities of EVs and RESs under environmental and economic constraints. A multi-objective planning model is formulated to enhance hosting capacity, reduce emissions, and minimize investment costs associated with transmission expansion, thyristorcontrolled series compensators, and energy storage systems. The optimization problem is solved using a multi-objective Tornado Optimizer with Coriolis force. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid EV–RES hosting strategy achieves approximately 31.23% EV penetration, close to the EV-only case, while reducing CO2 emissions by 25% and limiting annualized cost increases to 3.64%. Compared with the RESonly scenario, EV penetration increases by 3.2 times, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated approach.