Techniques of Airway-Structure Modeling

Lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis (TB), asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and pulmonary hypertension. These are a few of the most prevalent lung diseases that have brought great suffering to our society (Das et al., 2021). COPD and lung cancer are the third and sixth leading causes of death worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Lower respiratory infections, which continue to be the most lethal communicable illness globally and claimed 2.6 million lives in 2019, are the fourth leading cause of mortality (WHO, 2022b). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was the third leading cause of mortality in the United States in 2020 (CDC, 2022). In addition, WHO reports that as of April 2022, there were more than 500 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide (WHO, 2022a).