Technical and economic assessment of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery power systems for commercial loads in desert environments

S. M. Shaahid; M. A. Elhadidy

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2006.03.001

Technical and economic assessment of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery power systems for commercial loads in desert environments

S. M. Shaahid^*, M. A. Elhadidy

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

174 Scopus citations

Abstract

Solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid system technology is a hot topic for R&D since it promises lot of challenges and opportunities for developed and developing countries. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) being endowed with fairly high degree of solar radiation is a potential candidate for deployment of PV systems for power generation. Literature indicates that commercial/residential buildings in KSA consume an estimated 10-45% of the total electric energy generated. In the present study, solar radiation data of Dhahran (East-Coast, KSA) have been analyzed to assess the techno-economic viability of utilizing hybrid PV-diesel-battery power systems to meet the load requirements of a typical commercial building (with annual electrical energy demand of 620,000 kW h). The monthly average daily solar global radiation ranges from 3.61 to 7.96 kW h/m². NREL's HOMER software has been used to carry out the techno-economic viability. The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system comprising of 80 kWp PV system together with 175 kW diesel system and a battery storage of 3 h of autonomy (equivalent to 3 h of average load), the PV penetration is 26%. The cost of generating energy (COE, US$/kW h) from the above hybrid system has been found to be 0.149 $/kW h (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1 $/L). The study exhibits that for a given hybrid configuration, the operational hours of diesel generators decrease with increase in PV capacity. The investigation also examines the effect of PV/battery penetration on COE, operational hours of diesel gensets for a given hybrid system. Emphasis has also been placed on unmet load, excess electricity generation, percentage fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (for different scenarios such as PV-diesel without storage, PV-diesel with storage, as compared to diesel-only situation), cost of PV-diesel-battery systems, COE of different hybrid systems, etc.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1794-1810
Number of pages	17
Journal	Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Volume	11
Issue number	8
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.03.001
State	Published - Oct 2007

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work is part of the KFUPM/RI Project no. 12011 supported by the Research Institute of the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. The authors acknowledge the support of the Research Institute. The authors are thankful to NREL for making available freely HOMER software for design of hybrid electric power systems. The authors extend special thanks to Dr. Tom Lambert for his time and effort in reviewing HOMER files and for his constructive comments.

Keywords

Battery
Carbon emissions
Commercial loads
Diesel generators
PV modules
Solar radiation

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.rser.2006.03.001

Cite this

@article{286ee186afef45979dac2f15c6422a74,

title = "Technical and economic assessment of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery power systems for commercial loads in desert environments",

abstract = "Solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid system technology is a hot topic for R\&D since it promises lot of challenges and opportunities for developed and developing countries. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) being endowed with fairly high degree of solar radiation is a potential candidate for deployment of PV systems for power generation. Literature indicates that commercial/residential buildings in KSA consume an estimated 10-45\% of the total electric energy generated. In the present study, solar radiation data of Dhahran (East-Coast, KSA) have been analyzed to assess the techno-economic viability of utilizing hybrid PV-diesel-battery power systems to meet the load requirements of a typical commercial building (with annual electrical energy demand of 620,000 kW h). The monthly average daily solar global radiation ranges from 3.61 to 7.96 kW h/m2. NREL's HOMER software has been used to carry out the techno-economic viability. The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system comprising of 80 kWp PV system together with 175 kW diesel system and a battery storage of 3 h of autonomy (equivalent to 3 h of average load), the PV penetration is 26\%. The cost of generating energy (COE, US\$/kW h) from the above hybrid system has been found to be 0.149 \$/kW h (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1 \$/L). The study exhibits that for a given hybrid configuration, the operational hours of diesel generators decrease with increase in PV capacity. The investigation also examines the effect of PV/battery penetration on COE, operational hours of diesel gensets for a given hybrid system. Emphasis has also been placed on unmet load, excess electricity generation, percentage fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (for different scenarios such as PV-diesel without storage, PV-diesel with storage, as compared to diesel-only situation), cost of PV-diesel-battery systems, COE of different hybrid systems, etc.",

keywords = "Battery, Carbon emissions, Commercial loads, Diesel generators, PV modules, Solar radiation",

author = "Shaahid, \{S. M.\} and Elhadidy, \{M. A.\}",

note = "Funding Information: This work is part of the KFUPM/RI Project no. 12011 supported by the Research Institute of the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. The authors acknowledge the support of the Research Institute. The authors are thankful to NREL for making available freely HOMER software for design of hybrid electric power systems. The authors extend special thanks to Dr. Tom Lambert for his time and effort in reviewing HOMER files and for his constructive comments.",

year = "2007",

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doi = "10.1016/j.rser.2006.03.001",

language = "English",

volume = "11",

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journal = "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews",

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T1 - Technical and economic assessment of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery power systems for commercial loads in desert environments

AU - Shaahid, S. M.

AU - Elhadidy, M. A.

N1 - Funding Information: This work is part of the KFUPM/RI Project no. 12011 supported by the Research Institute of the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. The authors acknowledge the support of the Research Institute. The authors are thankful to NREL for making available freely HOMER software for design of hybrid electric power systems. The authors extend special thanks to Dr. Tom Lambert for his time and effort in reviewing HOMER files and for his constructive comments.

PY - 2007/10

Y1 - 2007/10

N2 - Solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid system technology is a hot topic for R&D since it promises lot of challenges and opportunities for developed and developing countries. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) being endowed with fairly high degree of solar radiation is a potential candidate for deployment of PV systems for power generation. Literature indicates that commercial/residential buildings in KSA consume an estimated 10-45% of the total electric energy generated. In the present study, solar radiation data of Dhahran (East-Coast, KSA) have been analyzed to assess the techno-economic viability of utilizing hybrid PV-diesel-battery power systems to meet the load requirements of a typical commercial building (with annual electrical energy demand of 620,000 kW h). The monthly average daily solar global radiation ranges from 3.61 to 7.96 kW h/m2. NREL's HOMER software has been used to carry out the techno-economic viability. The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system comprising of 80 kWp PV system together with 175 kW diesel system and a battery storage of 3 h of autonomy (equivalent to 3 h of average load), the PV penetration is 26%. The cost of generating energy (COE, US$/kW h) from the above hybrid system has been found to be 0.149 $/kW h (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1 $/L). The study exhibits that for a given hybrid configuration, the operational hours of diesel generators decrease with increase in PV capacity. The investigation also examines the effect of PV/battery penetration on COE, operational hours of diesel gensets for a given hybrid system. Emphasis has also been placed on unmet load, excess electricity generation, percentage fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (for different scenarios such as PV-diesel without storage, PV-diesel with storage, as compared to diesel-only situation), cost of PV-diesel-battery systems, COE of different hybrid systems, etc.

AB - Solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid system technology is a hot topic for R&D since it promises lot of challenges and opportunities for developed and developing countries. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) being endowed with fairly high degree of solar radiation is a potential candidate for deployment of PV systems for power generation. Literature indicates that commercial/residential buildings in KSA consume an estimated 10-45% of the total electric energy generated. In the present study, solar radiation data of Dhahran (East-Coast, KSA) have been analyzed to assess the techno-economic viability of utilizing hybrid PV-diesel-battery power systems to meet the load requirements of a typical commercial building (with annual electrical energy demand of 620,000 kW h). The monthly average daily solar global radiation ranges from 3.61 to 7.96 kW h/m2. NREL's HOMER software has been used to carry out the techno-economic viability. The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system comprising of 80 kWp PV system together with 175 kW diesel system and a battery storage of 3 h of autonomy (equivalent to 3 h of average load), the PV penetration is 26%. The cost of generating energy (COE, US$/kW h) from the above hybrid system has been found to be 0.149 $/kW h (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1 $/L). The study exhibits that for a given hybrid configuration, the operational hours of diesel generators decrease with increase in PV capacity. The investigation also examines the effect of PV/battery penetration on COE, operational hours of diesel gensets for a given hybrid system. Emphasis has also been placed on unmet load, excess electricity generation, percentage fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (for different scenarios such as PV-diesel without storage, PV-diesel with storage, as compared to diesel-only situation), cost of PV-diesel-battery systems, COE of different hybrid systems, etc.

KW - Battery

KW - Carbon emissions

KW - Commercial loads

KW - Diesel generators

KW - PV modules

KW - Solar radiation

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U2 - 10.1016/j.rser.2006.03.001

DO - 10.1016/j.rser.2006.03.001

M3 - Review article

AN - SCOPUS:34250174170

SN - 1364-0321

VL - 11

SP - 1794

EP - 1810

JO - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

JF - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

IS - 8

ER -

Technical and economic assessment of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery power systems for commercial loads in desert environments

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

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Cite this