Synthesis of nickel-doped ceria nanospheres for in situ profiling of Warfarin sodium in biological media

Venous thromboembolism is one of the major disorders, which is significantly increased the mortality and morbidity rate. Warfarin sodium (WFS) is the most extensively prescribed drug for the prevention of thromboembolic diseases however, it has a narrow therapeutic index. Recently, many methods for detecting and monitoring the level of WFS have been proposed. However, the electrochemical method has gained more interest than the other traditional method due to its ease of operation. This article describes the hydrothermal synthesis of nickel-doped cerium oxide (CeO₂@Ni) nanospheres for the selective electrochemical determination of WFS. Various spectroscopic techniques have been used to analyze the chemical composition, and surface morphology of CeO₂@Ni nanospheres. Further, the prepared CeO₂@Ni nanospheres modified electrode demonstrated excellent electrocatalytic behavior for WFS detection, with an ultralow detection limit of 6.3 × 10^-9 M, a linear range of 1.0 × 10^-8 M to 1.51 × 10^-4 M and 1.51 × 10^-4 M to 9.51 × 10^-4 M, and a higher sensitivity of 2.9986 µA µM⁻¹ cm². Therefore, we believe that the CeO₂@Ni nanosphere electrocatalyst can serve as a potential electrode catalyst for the sensing of WFS in real-time applications.