Synthesis of monetite micro particles from egg shell waste and study of its environmental applications: Fuel additive and catalyst

Monetite is used in water decontamination and fuel additive due to less toxic, easy and cheap synthesis approach. Egg shell is used as precursor along with disodium phosphate for synthesis of monetite particles. Composition, phase and purity of the product are analyzed by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Bond angles and bond lengths of the polyhedra constituted by phosphorus and oxygen species are calculated. The morphology of particles is analyzed, and size is measured with the help of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Monetite is used as catalyst for degradation of Congo red dye, a carcinogenic dye. Effect of catalyst dosage on apparent rate constant is investigated and results are compared with literature to analyze the catalytic property of monetite particles. Monetite is also used as additive for diesel fuel. Calorific value and other parameters are measured and effect of additive on efficiency of fuel is analyzed. Monetite is a promising catalyst because k_app value is increased from 0.0077 to 0.00114 min⁻¹ by increasing catalyst dosage from 1.0 to 2.5 mg/mL. It is also a good additive because calorific value is increased from 2.55 to 8.902 MJ/kg with increase in additive dosage from 10 to 40 ppm.