Synergistic Macroscopic–Microscopic Regulation: Dual Constraints of the Island Effect and Coffee-Ring Effect in Printing Efficient Flexible Perovskite Photovoltaics

The performance of flexible perovskite solar modules (FPSMs) remains inferior to their rigid counterparts, primarily due to poor crystallinity and homogeneity resulting from disordered perovskite colloid transfer during the printing process. Here, the study introduces an Elastic Porous Meniscus (EPM) printing strategy to mitigate the island effect and coffee-ring effect. By increasing the peak shear rate, the study effectively disperses perovskite islands. The issue of heterogeneous deposition is addressed by controlling shear force and surface tension. Additionally, the Laplace force is regulated to weaken Marangoni flow, enabling the printing of large-area, high-quality flexible perovskite films. The results show that the time window for initialized crystallization is greatly extended by a factor of four (from 2.5 to 11 s), enabling the formation of uniform perovskite films with high crystal uniformity. Consequently, the flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) achieve a record-breaking power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.54% (certified 25.44%) based on 1.01 cm², with exceptional repeatability. EPM-printed FPSMs with an active area of 100 cm² demonstrate a PCE of 16.39% (certified 15.65%), comparable to rigid modules. This advancement significantly enhances the market potential and commercial value of perovskite photovoltaics across diverse applications.