Sustainable aviation: A critical review of policies, technologies, and future pathways

This review critically examines the evolving landscape of sustainable aviation, focusing on the interdependent roles of policies, technologies, and future strategies in decarbonizing the air transport sector. The study synthesizes developments across five key domains: international and regional regulatory frameworks, technological innovations in propulsion and fuel systems, operational and market-based measures, persistent challenges, and long-term transition pathways. Particular emphasis is placed on sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), electric and hydrogen propulsion, air traffic management modernization, economic viability, technological maturity, regulatory uncertainty, and consumer behavior. The analysis highlights the importance of integrated policy approaches, public-private partnerships, investment in research and development (R&D), and consumer engagement as enablers of systemic change. While meaningful progress has been achieved, especially in SAF development and emissions optimization technologies, the sector faces substantial hurdles in aligning with global climate goals. The review concludes by offering a roadmap for coordinated action and identifies knowledge gaps that merit future research. This research aims to inform policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers committed to steering aviation toward a more sustainable, resilient, and equitable future.