Surface transport emission reduction strategy in Bhutan

This study analyzes the surface transport emission reduction strategy in Bhutan. Considering 100% Electric Vehicle (EV) development by 2050, the estimated emission reduction is calculated based on kilometers traveled for passenger vehicles and ton kilometers traveled for freight mobility in the year 2022. The calculated values show combustion engine vehicle emissions (CO₂: 1145 Gt, CO: 29.8 Gt, SO₂: 2.9 Gt, NO_x: 12.1 Gt, N₂O: 0.009 Gt, CH₄: 0.104 Gt, NMVOC: 5.8 Gt, and PM_2.5: 0.072 Gt) compared to 100% EV emissions (CO₂: 276 Gt) in gigatons (Gt) in 2050, where other emission categories are completely removed during the operation life of EVs. However, to meet the emission reduction potential, various technical challenges are to be fulfilled, such as electrification of freight mobility, rural road infrastructure quality development, the high modal share of public transport service, and at least the provision of 2500 MW as a base load in the electric grid network. Furthermore, qualifying for zero emissions by 2050 requires regular data updates, which is a concern. Bhutan is uniquely positioned to achieve EV zero emissions as its power generation mix is almost 100% renewables based predominantly driven by hydropower.