Surface modification of BiVO4 with TiO2 (001) and Ti3C2 MXene to enhance photoelectrochemical water oxidation

Ilham Aksan Maulana; Yoga Romdoni; Yusalma Rizqi Wibowo; Angga Hermawan; Aminah Umar; Ferry Anggoro Ardy Nugroho; Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua; Fatwa Firdaus Abdi; Munawar Khalil

doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114043

Surface modification of BiVO₄ with TiO₂ (001) and Ti₃C₂ MXene to enhance photoelectrochemical water oxidation

Ilham Aksan Maulana
, Yoga Romdoni
, Yusalma Rizqi Wibowo
, Angga Hermawan
, Aminah Umar
, Ferry Anggoro Ardy Nugroho
, Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua
, Fatwa Firdaus Abdi
, Munawar Khalil^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Chemical Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2 Scopus citations

Abstract

The common photoanode for PEC, BiVO₄, exhibits inefficient charge transport. A novel composite photoanode, BiVO₄/TiO₂ (001)/Ti₃C₂ MXene, was fabricated by thin-coating TiO₂ (001) and Ti₃C₂ MXene flakes onto BiVO₄ films. The addition of Ti₃C₂ MXene thin flakes onto BiVO₄/TiO₂ and BiVO₄/TiO₂ (001) films significantly increases the photocurrent density 67% and 82% to approximately 1.5 and 2 mA.cm^-2, respectively (at 1.23 V_RHE under 1.5G AM illumination). Besides, the photocurrent density of the TiO₂ (001)-based photoanode surpasses that of the TiO₂-based photoanode. This is attributed to the high density of unsaturated coordination sites on (001) facets, which act as efficient electron acceptors and provide abundant active sites for water oxidation. The combination of TiO₂ (001) and Ti₃C₂ MXene enhances PEC water oxidation reaction performance by serving as a co-catalyst, improving charge-transfer of photogenerated carriers and reducing charge recombination of BiVO₄. This ternary heterostructure represents a promising strategy for effective PEC water oxidation.

Original language	English
Article number	114043
Journal	Materials Research Bulletin
Volume	199
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114043
State	Published - Jun 2026

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2026

Keywords

Bismuth vanadate
Photoanode
Photoelectrochemical
TiC MXene
TiO (001)
Water oxidation

ASJC Scopus subject areas

General Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanical Engineering

Access to Document

10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114043

Cite this

@article{62eb326020514544b21fb8feed5792b0,

title = "Surface modification of BiVO4 with TiO2 (001) and Ti3C2 MXene to enhance photoelectrochemical water oxidation",

abstract = "The common photoanode for PEC, BiVO4, exhibits inefficient charge transport. A novel composite photoanode, BiVO4/TiO2 (001)/Ti3C2 MXene, was fabricated by thin-coating TiO2 (001) and Ti3C2 MXene flakes onto BiVO4 films. The addition of Ti3C2 MXene thin flakes onto BiVO4/TiO2 and BiVO4/TiO2 (001) films significantly increases the photocurrent density 67\% and 82\% to approximately 1.5 and 2 mA.cm-2, respectively (at 1.23 VRHE under 1.5G AM illumination). Besides, the photocurrent density of the TiO2 (001)-based photoanode surpasses that of the TiO2-based photoanode. This is attributed to the high density of unsaturated coordination sites on (001) facets, which act as efficient electron acceptors and provide abundant active sites for water oxidation. The combination of TiO2 (001) and Ti3C2 MXene enhances PEC water oxidation reaction performance by serving as a co-catalyst, improving charge-transfer of photogenerated carriers and reducing charge recombination of BiVO4. This ternary heterostructure represents a promising strategy for effective PEC water oxidation.",

keywords = "Bismuth vanadate, Photoanode, Photoelectrochemical, TiC MXene, TiO (001), Water oxidation",

author = "Maulana, \{Ilham Aksan\} and Yoga Romdoni and Wibowo, \{Yusalma Rizqi\} and Angga Hermawan and Aminah Umar and Nugroho, \{Ferry Anggoro Ardy\} and Aroua, \{Mohamed Kheireddine\} and Abdi, \{Fatwa Firdaus\} and Munawar Khalil",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2026",

year = "2026",

month = jun,

doi = "10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114043",

language = "English",

volume = "199",

journal = "Materials Research Bulletin",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Surface modification of BiVO4 with TiO2 (001) and Ti3C2 MXene to enhance photoelectrochemical water oxidation

AU - Maulana, Ilham Aksan

AU - Romdoni, Yoga

AU - Wibowo, Yusalma Rizqi

AU - Hermawan, Angga

AU - Umar, Aminah

AU - Nugroho, Ferry Anggoro Ardy

AU - Aroua, Mohamed Kheireddine

AU - Abdi, Fatwa Firdaus

AU - Khalil, Munawar

PY - 2026/6

Y1 - 2026/6

N2 - The common photoanode for PEC, BiVO4, exhibits inefficient charge transport. A novel composite photoanode, BiVO4/TiO2 (001)/Ti3C2 MXene, was fabricated by thin-coating TiO2 (001) and Ti3C2 MXene flakes onto BiVO4 films. The addition of Ti3C2 MXene thin flakes onto BiVO4/TiO2 and BiVO4/TiO2 (001) films significantly increases the photocurrent density 67% and 82% to approximately 1.5 and 2 mA.cm-2, respectively (at 1.23 VRHE under 1.5G AM illumination). Besides, the photocurrent density of the TiO2 (001)-based photoanode surpasses that of the TiO2-based photoanode. This is attributed to the high density of unsaturated coordination sites on (001) facets, which act as efficient electron acceptors and provide abundant active sites for water oxidation. The combination of TiO2 (001) and Ti3C2 MXene enhances PEC water oxidation reaction performance by serving as a co-catalyst, improving charge-transfer of photogenerated carriers and reducing charge recombination of BiVO4. This ternary heterostructure represents a promising strategy for effective PEC water oxidation.

AB - The common photoanode for PEC, BiVO4, exhibits inefficient charge transport. A novel composite photoanode, BiVO4/TiO2 (001)/Ti3C2 MXene, was fabricated by thin-coating TiO2 (001) and Ti3C2 MXene flakes onto BiVO4 films. The addition of Ti3C2 MXene thin flakes onto BiVO4/TiO2 and BiVO4/TiO2 (001) films significantly increases the photocurrent density 67% and 82% to approximately 1.5 and 2 mA.cm-2, respectively (at 1.23 VRHE under 1.5G AM illumination). Besides, the photocurrent density of the TiO2 (001)-based photoanode surpasses that of the TiO2-based photoanode. This is attributed to the high density of unsaturated coordination sites on (001) facets, which act as efficient electron acceptors and provide abundant active sites for water oxidation. The combination of TiO2 (001) and Ti3C2 MXene enhances PEC water oxidation reaction performance by serving as a co-catalyst, improving charge-transfer of photogenerated carriers and reducing charge recombination of BiVO4. This ternary heterostructure represents a promising strategy for effective PEC water oxidation.

KW - Bismuth vanadate

KW - Photoanode

KW - Photoelectrochemical

KW - TiC MXene

KW - TiO (001)

KW - Water oxidation

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105029466008

U2 - 10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114043

DO - 10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114043

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