Surface effect of cesium and graphene quantum dots doped CaO to enhance catalytic dye degradation and bacterial inactivation with in-silico analysis

In this study, (2 and 4 wt.%) cesium (Cs) into a fixed amount of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) doped CaO quantum dots (QDs) were prepared through a co-precipitation technique. To optimize the charge transfer and decrease the electron-hole (e^-/h⁺) pair recombination rate of CaO QDs we introduced the Cs and large surface area GQDs into CaO QDs, reducing the particle size to improve catalytic effectiveness and antimicrobial efficacy. The morphology, structural and surface analysis, elemental compositions, functional groups, and optical analysis were investigated by systematically characterizing Cs/GQDs doped CaO QDs. The increased active sites based on Cs/GQDs doped CaO QDs revealed remarkable catalytic decolorization of rhodamine B (RhB) dye (77.83%) in an acidic medium. The maximum inhibition zones have been measured as 4.85 mm using the agar well diffusion method. Additionally, molecular docking investigations were utilized to determine the mechanism underpinning the antimicrobial action of Cs/GQDs-doped CaO QDs, revealing inhibition of β-lactamase and DNA gyrase.