Strategies for enhanced Management of cleaner diesel combustion with nanoparticle Additives: A critical review with biomedical Considerations

Diesel engines are critical for power generation and transportation, but they face a significant challenge: how to increase efficiency and reduce emissions in the face of depleting fossil fuel reserves and increasingly rigorous emission regulations. One attractive route in this pursuit is the use of nanoparticles to improve the characteristics of diesel engine fuel. Nanoparticles in fuel can improve engine performance and lower emissions by increasing thermal conductivity, fire and flash points, calorific value, and Cetane number. Also, the addition of nanoparticle additives in fuel enhances surface area to volume ratio which improves the combustion. This review delves into the most recent research on nanoparticle additives for diesel engines, including cutting-edge characterization techniques, environmental and health hazards, combustion and emission characteristics, as well as potential obstacles and opportunities. According to our findings, the addition of nanoparticles can increase the calorific and cetane values of fuel by 0.25 to 2%, depending on the concentration and type of nanoparticles used. Furthermore, nanoparticle fuel additives have huge promise for revolutionizing diesel engine technology and lowering our carbon footprint. Moreover, the biomedical aspect includes the rick associated with environmental and human health were discussed in detail, which suggests that γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles are considered to be the least toxic metallic material for human beings.