Static and dynamic influence of the shear zone on rockburst occurrence in the headrace tunnel of the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project, Pakistan

Rockburst is an unstable failure of a rock mass which is influenced by many factors. During deep excavations, the presence of nearby geological structures such as minor faults, joints, and shear zones increases the likelihood of rockburst occurrence. A shear zone has been observed in the headrace tunnel in the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project, Pakistan, which has played an important role in major rockburst events in the project's history. A rockburst is a seismic event that involves the release of a great amount of energy as the dynamic wave radiated from the seismic source reaches the excavation boundary. In this paper, the FLAC 2D explicit numerical code has been used to simulate the dynamic phenomenon of rockburst near the shear zone in a headrace tunnel. The behavior of the rock mass around the tunnel has been studied under both static and dynamic loading. According to modeling results, rockburst significantly affected the upper left quadrant of the tunnel similar to the actual failure profile with a depth of approximately 5 m. The dynamic impact of rockburst has also affected the loading conditions of the support system in the adjacent tunnel. This study elucidates one of the most important rockburst controlling factors through numerical analysis and recommends yielding support measures that can withstand the dynamic impacts of rockburst in deep, hard rock tunnels.