Sol-Gel nano TiO₂ synthesis using TTIP: Latest trends, a comprehensive review of attribute optimization and various applications

This review presents a comprehensive analysis of nano TiO₂ synthesis utilizing the sol–gel method with titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP). This study examines key synthesis parameters, including pH, temperature, precursor concentration, and additives for controlling material characteristics, while investigating enhancement strategies through non-metal, transition metal, and noble metal doping, along with composite formation techniques. The applicability of nano TiO₂ has been explored across diverse fields, including photocatalysis, solar cells, sensors, environmental purification, and biomedicine, with attention to current research trends in each domain. This review analyzed the influence of key synthesis parameters such as pH, temperature, precursor concentration and additives and found that nano-TiO₂ particles in the range of 5-40 nm and specific surface areas up to 284 m²/g can be achived under optimal conditions. In particular, under the conditions optimized for photocatalytic applications (pH 4-6,500-600°C, SDS/CTAB additives), they showed a methylene blue degradation rate of 94.96% and a degradation rate constant of 9.46×10^-2h^-1 and demonstrated that the bandgap could be reduced from 3.2eV to 1.47 eV by base metal, transistion metal and noble metal doping. Future research directions are outlined, focusing on the development of novel precursors, sustainable synthetic approaches, and large-scale production technologies. This investigation contributes significantly to advancing the understanding and application of nano TiO₂ across the material science, energy, environmental studies, and medical care sectors.