Single-atom catalysts

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) possess the attributes of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, and they have attracted considerable interest in different fields of applications for heterogeneous catalysis by enhanced intrinsic activity, stability, and selectivity through optimized exposure of accessible active sites. Various strategies and optimizations during the synthesis of SACs can be used to elucidate different properties of catalysis such as rate, kinetics, and thermodynamics of reaction. By understanding atom–support interactions the dispersion of isolated atoms, stability, availability of active sites, and the rate of reaction can be studied. These covalent or electrostatic interactions not only optimize reaction kinetics but also maximize the catalysis. This chapter exclusively explores different aspects of SACs by providing critical analysis of atom–support interactions. Finally, we present future directions for highly advanced and productive single-atom catalysis and identify novel frontiers for further research.