Self-Driven, Quadridirectional Carrier Transport, Bifacial MAPbI₃-Perovskites Photodiodes Fabricated via Laterally Aligned Interconnected Sandwiched Type Architecture

Efficient photonic characterization is imperative for efficient harvesting and storing of photon energy. In that regard, two architectures of perovskite photodiodes, where distinct heterojunction layers sandwiched between transparent electrodes permit efficient photon absorption by MAPbI3 active layer, are presented. Furthermore, architectural modification through passivation of a FTO-MAPbI3 interface leads to reduction in the rate of nonradiative recombination of carriers. Availability of two distinguished carriers' transport pathways, application of transparent electrodes and electrolytic passivation of MAPbI3 surface, facilitates carriers' extraction and transportation, efficient photon absorption and enhancement of effective generated carriers' density, respectively. Thus, maximum responsivity of about 59.20 mA/W, maximum detectivity of about 3.18 × 1010 jones, maximum sensitivity of about 6.7 × 104, maximum linear dynamic range of about 76.5 dB, and minimum response time less than 20 ms were obtained by subjecting the photodiodes to -4.0 to 4.0 bias voltage range and 0.5 to 3 mW power of incident solar radiation under standard laboratory conditions. More so, the photodiodes display self-powered functionality by a recording the photocurrent value of about 7.4 μA at 0 V. The photodiodes show excellent stability by demonstrating about 97% performance retention after 350 days of storage under standard laboratory conditions. Hence, the proposed photodiodes' architectures may be beneficial for fabricating bifacial, stable, and self-powered classes of optoelectronics capable of monitoring, harvesting, and storing photoenergy.