Revolutionizing Dielectrophoresis: Unveiling the Potential of 3D Electrodes

In the contemporary world, dielectrophoresis (DEP) has emerged as a prominent method with numerous applications in cell manipulation, drug delivery systems, biosensors, microfluidics, clinical diagnosis, and environmental detection. DEP is the movement of particles in a non-uniform electric field, driven by the interaction between the particle’s dipole and the distributed spatial gradient of the electric field. This interaction enables the manipulation of particles based on shape, size, and material characteristics. The performance limitations associated with traditional 2D electrodes have led to the widespread adaptation of 3D electrode configurations. This paradigm shift has significantly increased the DEP credentials by expediting manipulation and analysis capabilities. This review article critically examines the advancements in 3D electrodes, exploring their untapped potential with different electrode configurations, the factors affecting DEP, various fabrication processes, and their applicability in diverse fields. Prior to highlighting the significance of 3D electrodes, the review discusses the theoretical background of DEP and critically analyzes 2D electrode configurations along with their applications and limitations. Thereafter, 3D electrode-based DEP is examined based on material composition and relevant applications. Finally, the current challenges in 3D electrode configurations are discussed, offering detailed insight into fabrication complexities, and suggesting some novel design ideas for future research. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of DEP by examining the transition from traditional 2D to recent 3D electrodes.