Reduction of CO₂ emission by INCAM model in Malaysia biomass power plants during the year 2016

As the world's second largest palm oil producer and exporter, Malaysia could capitalize on its oil palm biomass waste for power generation. The emission factors from this renewable energy source are far lower than that of fossil fuels. This study applies an integrated carbon accounting and mitigation (INCAM) model to calculate the amount of CO₂ emissions from two biomass thermal power plants. The CO₂ emissions released from biomass plants utilizing empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME), as alternative fuels for powering steam and gas turbines, were determined using the INCAM model. Each section emitting CO₂ in the power plant, known as the carbon accounting center (CAC), was measured for its carbon profile (CP) and carbon index (CI). The carbon performance indicator (CPI) included electricity, fuel and water consumption, solid waste and waste-water generation. The carbon emission index (CEI) and carbon emission profile (CEP), based on the total monthly carbon production, were determined across the CPI. Various innovative strategies resulted in a 20%–90% reduction of CO₂ emissions. The implementation of reduction strategies significantly reduced the CO₂ emission levels. Based on the model, utilization of EFB and POME in the facilities could significantly reduce the CO₂ emissions and increase the potential for waste to energy initiatives.