Recycling waste tires into sustainable biofuel for replacing petroleum fuel in diesel engines using nanoparticles and biohydrogen

In this paper, the production of pyrolyzed oil in lab scale plant and its possible use in variable speed diesel engine with nanoparticle and secondary fuel oxy-hydrogen gas is investigated. The pyrolyzed oil is produced from waste tires in lab scale plant, and after its distillation, it is blended with neat diesel in the proportion of 20:80 (TDF). The different testing fuels are prepared by mixing nanoparticle CeO₂ (NP) at the concentrations 50 ppm and 100 ppm with blended fuel (named as TDF-NP50 and TDF-NP100). While in the testing phase, the HHO gas is supplied through specially designed venturi at fixed flow rate (fuel designated as TDF-NP50-HHO and TDF-NP100-HHO). The focus of current investigation is to investigate the combined impact of inducting HHO with nanoparticle mixed pyrolyzed blends on engine performance and emissions characteristics. The pyrolyzed blended fuel deteriorate the BTE, BSFC, emissions of HC and NOx while improves the CO emission. The improvement in all the characteristics can be achieved by introducing CeO₂ nanoparticle at 50 ppm and 100 ppm which improves BTE by 15–24%, BSFC by 2.2–4.2%, HC by 8–18%, CO by 7–12%, and NOx by 7–16%. The further improvement can be achieved by inducting HHO gas, which are BTE 11%, BSFC 5–8%, HC 15%, and CO 13–16%. However, the NOx emission is increased by 14–17%. Hence, the waste tire-derived pyrolyzed oil along with green hydrogen and nanoparticles CeO₂ can be used as a sustainable transportation fuel in existing CI engine.