Recent advances in urban mining technology: A focus on electronic waste recycling potential in Indonesia

The rapid rise in electronic device production and the insufficiency of current recycling systems have led to generation of electronic waste (e-waste) that is considered a pressing global problem. This article reviews the advancements in urban mining technology and the prospects of e-waste recycling in Indonesia. It highlights the potential of urban mining as cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional mining, potentially reducing production costs for certain metals by up to 13-fold. These methods can undeniably produce metals like aluminum, copper, and gold at competitive costs as compared to conventional mining. Recent progress in biohydrometallurgy exploits the power of microorganisms to extract metals from e-waste, further enhancing the sustainability of recycling processes. Despite the challenges in e-waste management, it is indisputable that Indonesia has the potential to recover metals valued at up to 4.8 billion USD by 2025. As Indonesia experiences rapid urbanization, there's unwavering potential for urban mining to recycle and extract valuable elements, such as rare earth elements, from e-waste. Moreover, for a successful implementation of urban mining in Indonesia, it is necessary to make substantial investments in research, expand infrastructure, enhance capacity building, and establish supportive policies and regulations specifically designed for this developing industry. It is undeniable that advancing technology and tailored urban mining strategies can improve e-waste management, thereby unquestionably contributing to environmental sustainability and economic growth.