Recent advances in carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon fibers-based microwave absorbers

In the continuously evolving era of science and technology, the development of effective electromagnetic wave absorbing materials with ideal characteristics such as low density, excellent microwave attenuation performance, pronounced real and complex permittivity and permeability, wide bandwidth, thin thickness, and efficient synthesis methods is paramount. This review paper aims to provide insight into the potential of carbonaceous materials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and carbon fibers (CFs), for microwave absorption (MA) applications. Moreover, it highlights the MA properties of these subsets in their pristine form or composite form incorporated with polymers, metals, ferrites, and other materials for improving impedance matching and achieving desired features. In addition, variable morphologies such as hierarchal, porous, and hollow structures that provide large specific surface areas creating diversified loss mechanisms are discussed and reviewed. The paper concludes by addressing the challenges of fabricating microwave absorbers at an industrial level and the wide-scale incorporation in real-time application. Broadly, this review paper aims to serve as a reference for selecting MA composites with desired characteristics and a guide for future researchers in the field of electromagnetic absorbing materials.