Recent advancements in alternative energies, technological innovations, and optimization strategies for seaport decarbonization

Decarbonizing ports is essential for reducing the marine industry's environmental impact and improving urban areas, while also attracting investors. Port authorities are investigating methods to reduce carbon emissions to comply with increasing environmental standards. Ports can achieve a low-carbon path by using alternative fuels, implementing new technologies, and optimizing operations. This research examines the development and characteristics of renewable and low-carbon energies in commercial ports through a systematic literature review. This study examined the impact of microgrids, energy storage systems, carbon capture and storage, and other technological interventions on carbon emissions. Ports' emission reduction optimization alternatives were evaluated under different conditions. Research indicates that port characteristics, renewable energies, and low-carbon fuel attributes are essential factors in selecting alternative energy sources for port expansion. Technological innovations, collaboration, and regulatory consequences drive the development of emission reduction technology. Ports' sustainable development strategy optimizes various goals across different contexts. This review analysis supports transitioning ports to an environmentally friendly strategy and highlights research and development opportunities for experts in the field. This research proposes policies for decarbonizing ports by enhancing renewable and low-carbon energy use, fostering technological innovation, and optimizing processes.