Progress in three-dimensional graphene oxide frameworks: tailored synthesis, functional properties, and emerging applications

Graphene oxide frameworks (GOFs) constitute a novel class of three-dimensional porous materials assembled by grafting molecular linkers onto graphene oxide sheets. Through careful selection of linker type, length, and concentration, as well as fine-tuning of reaction conditions, one can precisely modulate GOF porosity, surface area, thermal resilience, and electronic and mechanical performance. These versatile, tunable properties render GOFs highly attractive for a range of applications, including membrane desalination, gas capture, catalytic transformations, and biomedical uses. This review systematically examines contemporary advancements in GOF research, with an emphasis on innovative synthesis strategies, structure–property correlations, and emerging applications across multidisciplinary domains.