PM _2.5 mapping using integrated geographically temporally weighted regression (GTWR) and random sample consensus (RANSAC) models

An uncertainty in the relationship between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and fine particulate matter (PM _2.5 ) comes from the uncertainty of AOD by aerosol models and the estimated surface reflectance, a mismatch in spatiotemporal resolution, integration of AOD and PM _2.5 data, and data modeling. In this study, an integrated geographically temporally weighted regression (GTWR) and RANdom SAmple Consensus (RANSAC) models, which provide fine goodness-of-fit between observed PM _2.5 and AOD data, were used for mapping of PM _2.5 over Taiwan for the year 2014. For this, dark target (DT) AOD observations at 3-km resolution (DT _3K ) only for high-quality assurance flag (QA = 3) were obtained from the scientific data set (SDS) “Optical_Depth_Land_And_Ocean”. AOD observations were also obtained from the merged DT and DB (deep blue) product (DTB _3K ) which was generated using the simplified merge scheme (SMS), i.e., using an average of the DT and DB highest quality AOD retrievals or the available one. The GTWR model integrated with RANSAC can use the effective sampling and fitting to overcome the estimation problem of AOD-PM _2.5 with the uncertainty and outliers of observation data. Results showed that the model dealing with spatiotemporal heterogeneity and uncertainty is a powerful tool to infer patterns of PM _2.5 from a RANSAC subset samples. Moreover, spatial variability and hotspot analysis were applied after PM _2.5 mapping. The hotspot and spatial variability of PM _2.5 maps can give us a summary of the spatiotemporal patterns of PM _2.5 variations.