Photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide using metal organic framework-based materials: A review on recent advances and future outlooks

With the rapidly increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere, the need for effective CO₂ capture and conversion approaches is more pressing than ever. Among the various techniques, photocatalytic conversion of CO₂ into valuable chemicals using metal organic frameworks (MOFs) has emerged as one of the most promising approaches for managing CO₂ emissions. MOFs, with their tunable structures and chemical versatility, offer significant potential in this area. While several reviews have addressed general CO₂ conversion technologies, comprehensive and focused reviews on the photocatalytic conversion of CO₂ using MOFs—an area of rapidly growing interest—remain relatively limited. Thus, this review aims to fill that gap by consolidating and analyzing recent findings published across various studies. After a brief introduction, the article discusses common MOF synthesis and modification strategies that enhance their photocatalytic properties. It then explores the mechanisms of CO₂ adsorption and photoreduction, emphasizing how these processes are influenced by MOF characteristics. Furthermore, recent advancements in photocatalytic CO₂ conversion using pristine MOFs, functionalized MOFs, and MOF-based hybrid materials are thoroughly reviewed. Key challenges and limitations are also addressed, along with future research directions aimed at improving the stability, efficiency, and tunability of MOF-based photocatalysts. This review provides a focused and comprehensive analysis of recent developments in MOF-based photocatalytic CO₂ conversion, outlining strategies for improved performance and identifying key challenges and future directions toward practical implementation.