Performance investigation of normal channel facile heat sink using hybrid nanofluid: an experimental and numerical approach

This work proposes a combined strategy of simultaneously optimizing both the channel side and the fluid side for enhanced thermic behavior management of normal channel facile heat sinks. Primarily, a new header of normal channel facile heat sink is suggested. Later, a numerical exploration is executed to observe the best thermal performance case of hybrid nanofluids (CuO, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂/H₂O) at varying combination ratios and volumetric concentrations. Trapezoidal header design is recommended based on the outcome of the numerical study when compared with isosceles triangular header. Further, to access heat removal capability of hybrid nanofluids, three different combinations as CuO + Al₂O₃, TiO₂ + CuO, and Al₂O₃ + TiO₂ have been considered numerically. Three volumetric ratios of each combination of the hybrid nanofluids are tested, i.e., 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75. Experiments are performed using outcomes from numerical investigations. Compared to water, using Al₂O₃–TiO₂/H₂O hybrid nanofluid in trapezoidal header normal channel facile heat sink, highest drop observed in base temperature and thermal resistance is up to 14.27% and 23.44%, respectively, while the maximum increase in heat transfer, convective heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, and change in pressure is 3.98%, 29.49%, 27.77, and 13.21%, respectively.