Particle Swarm Optimization Tuned PID Control of Hybrid Renewable Energy Based Multi-Area Power System

The hybrid power system combines renewable and conventional power plants, resulting in certain power quality issues such as longer settling times and increased transient contents. One of the most significant problems with such a hybrid system is frequency variations, which can affect the overall efficiency and reliability of the energy system. To address this concern, the Load Frequency Controller (LFC) is used to sustain the system frequency within safe limits and ensure the efficient and reliable operation of the electric grid. The primary function of governing the oscillation of load is to adjust the power delivery and balance the load demand of the system to maintain a specific range of power output. This study tries to determine the best control approach for efficiently regulating system frequency and upholding a power balance in the presence of renewable energy sources. In this work, controllers such as Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), Genetic algorithm-PID (GA-PID), and Particle Swarm Optimization-PID (PSO-PID) are examined and studied to settle the load oscillation issue arising in a two-area energy generation system. Comparison of results obtained with the controllers are presented and summarized based on their settling time (T_s), maximum overshoot (%OS) oscillation, and steady-state error (SSE).