Overview of the heat transfer enhancement mechanism using nanofluids

Hybrid nanofluids are defined as nanofluids that combine different amounts of additives or nanoparticles, usually with the goal of obtaining better heat transfer characteristics or a particular purpose. Research is being done on hybrid nanofluids to produce paper that performs well. Hybrid nanofluids involve suspension of different types of nanoparticles or materials in a base fluid, resulting in improved stability and performance compared to single-material nanofluids. Hybrid nanofluids are prepared by using the one-step method or two-step method. The outstanding thermal properties of hybrid nanofluid technology are the cause of its rapid growth. The lack of consistency in research results, the deficiencies in theoretical models, and the difficulties in synthesizing hydrophobic nanoparticles are among the various challenges. Important variables that necessitate in-depth research include thermal conductivity, viscosity, and stability. Widespread industrial application requires addressing issues with compatibility, high production costs, difficult innovation processes, and nanoparticle selection. Unlocking the full potential of hybrid nanofluids requires addressing these issues.