Optimizing Mataf Layout Design for Pilgrim Flow Efficiency Using Multi-Agent Simulation

Mass gatherings such as Hajj and Umrah represent some of the most challenging crowd-management scenarios in the world. Within Al-Masjid Al-Haram, the Mataf area where pilgrims perform the circumambulation ritual (Tawaf) experiences extreme pedestrian densities that pose operational, safety, and design challenges. This study evaluates alternative Mataf layouts using a calibrated multi-agent pedestrian simulation. Field observations, video analytics, and spatial data from the busiest times of Ramadan and Hajj served as the basis for calibration. The existing architecture, a suggested symmetric layout, and Option A which shifts ingress points and enhances merge protection were the three configurations that were examined. Density, average speed, travel time, throughput, and effective capacity across concentric radial bands were among the performance indicators. Option A reduced local conflicts and improved egress flow balance while increasing overall capacity by about 47% when compared to the current arrangement. These results offer a replicable methodology for large-scale religious crowd modelling and quantifiable recommendations for safer, more effective Mataf activities.