Numerical and computational °uid dynamics experimental analysis of novel extended tetra-hybrid Tiwari and Das Sisko nano°uid passed a stenosed artery

The medical industry extensively uses nanoparticles for applications such as wound dressing, artificial organ components, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cardiovascular disease treatment. The incorporation of nanoparticles into the base °uid enhances the rate of heat transmission and additionally decreases blood pressure. This study aims to examine the e®ects of a new tetra-hybrid nano°uid model, which includes nanoparticles, on the °ow of blood through a stenosed artery with a circular shape. Model partial di®erential equations (PDEs) incorporate phenomena such as thermal radiation and viscous dissipation. Furthermore, we transform these modeled PDEs into dimensionless ordinary di®erential equations (ODEs) using self-similarity variables and numerically solve the proposed ODEs using the well-established Lobatto IIIa numerical technique. The impact of several dimensionless parameters on the heat transfer rate, skin friction, velocity, and temperature fields has been computed and analyzed using figures and tables. Moreover, we conducted a computational °uid dynamics (CFD) investigation on a tetra-hybrid nano°uid, using blood as the base °uid. The results indicate that heat transmission is higher in tetra-hybrid nanoparticles compared to tri-hybrid and di-hybrid nano°uids. The volume fraction of nanoparticles in the base °uid increases, resulting in a decrease in the surface drag coe±cient and a decrease in the heat transport phenomenon. Amplification in the thermal radiation parameter improves heat transfer, helping to remove toxins and plaque from blood °owing through arteries. An increase in thermal radiation generates excess heat that dilates in°exible arteries, facilitating blood °ow. From CFD analysis, it is observed that thermal conduction k and heat transfer coe±cient h amplify by improving Reynolds number. Pressure at the outlet interface of the tube decreases from 3058 Pa to 2996 Pa for the case of a 10% volume fraction of nanoparticles. Velocity boundary layer thickness decreases from 1.46 to 1.37 with an increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles from 1% to 10%. Heat deliverance rate amplifies in the case of tetrahybrid nano°uid 2.5394{2.6147 in contrast to trihybrid nano°uid 2.4008 to 2.4711 by amplifying Rd from 0.7 to 1.1. The surface drag coe±cient amplifies by magnifying Re but the Nusselt number diminishes by improving the volume fraction of nanoparticles.