Non-viral delivery systems of DNA into stem cells: Promising and multifarious actions for regenerative medicine

Regenerative medicine has an exciting prospective to bring preventive and therapeutic benefits to a myriad of diseases. Different biological factors such as growth factors, therapeutic proteins, antibodies, plasmid DNA (pDNA), and some kinds of RNA can have an effect on stem cells (SCs) differentiation and underlying tissue regeneration. To understand the therapeutic perspectives of these modalities into SCs, they need to be delivered effectively into the targeted site. Since, the genes transfer via viral vectors will obstruct ultimate clinical translation and gene transfer based on naked pDNA is miserably incompetent, the improvement of non-viral gene delivery systems (GDSs) has been received a great deal of interest in tissue regeneration studies. Considering low immunogenicity and no threat of diffusion of communicable diseases with little construction rate, non-viral delivery systems have received considerable attention to deliver genes into SCs for tissue regeneration. In this review, we discussed several proteins for delivery of their genes and expression into cells for cell growth and differentiation into blood, bone, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, brain tissue, and so on. Also, some methods are discussed for potential delivery of growth factors where their manipulation and other signaling cascades in mesenchymal SCs (MSCs) are occurred for potential tissue regeneration.