Natural, synthetic, and composite materials for industrial effluents treatment: A mini review on current practices, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability

The need for energy, chemicals, food, and other vital survival necessities rises as the world's population is growing quickly. The production of waste materials has become a critical problem among researchers because of increased industrialization and population growth. Thus, this review addresses the pressing issue of effluents generated by biorefineries, focusing on their high biological and chemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD), vibrant colors, and hazardous phenolic chemicals like tetra chlorophenol and pentachlorophenol. Motivated by the need to mitigate the adverse effects of industrial activities on employment, life expectancy, land use, and international trade, researchers are exploring innovative methods for producing alternative materials with minimal environmental impact. Biorefineries, utilizing diverse biomass feedstocks, emerge as promising solutions for sustainable energy, chemicals, and fuel production. However, the effluents generated during biorefining processes demand rigorous treatment due to their complex composition and toxicity, posing threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of recent advancements in the development and application of natural, synthetic, and composite materials for industrial effluent treatment. Various treatment approaches, such as physical, biological, enzymatic, Fenton process, aerobic, and anaerobic methods, are discussed in detail, emphasizing their effectiveness in meeting discharge regulations. Given the intricate nature of biorefinery effluents, the review underscores the necessity of employing combinations of treatment systems to achieve optimal results. Furthermore, the study delves into sustainability and cost considerations associated with the treatment of industrial effluents from biorefineries. By shedding light on the environmental consequences of these activities, the research aims to fill existing knowledge gaps, urging the scientific community to undertake further investigations. In conclusion, this work contributes to the ongoing dialogue on creative solutions for industrial effluent treatment, ensuring a balance between environmental preservation and economic viability.