Nanocellulose: A comprehensive review investigating its potential as an innovative material for water remediation

Rapid growth in industrialization sectors, the wastewater treatment plants become exhausted and potentially not able to give desirable discharge standards. Many industries discharge the untreated effluent into the water bodies which affects the aquatic diversity and human health. The effective disposal of industrial effluents thus has been an imperative requirement. For decades nanocellulose based materials gained immense attraction towards application in wastewater remediation and emerged out as a new biobased nanomaterial. It is light weighted, cost effective, mechanically strong and easily available. Large surface area, versatile surface functionality, biodegradability, high aspect ratio etc., make them suitable candidate in this field. Majorly cellulose based nanomaterials are used in the form of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), or bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). This review specifically describes about a variety of extraction methods to produced nanocellulose and also discusses the modification of nanocellulose by adding functionalities in its surface chemistry. We majorly focus on the utilization of nanocellulose based materials in water remediation for the removal of different contaminants such as dyes, heavy metals, oil, microbial colony etc. This review mainly emphasizes in ray of hope towards nanocellulose materials to achieve more advancement in the water remediation fields.