Modeling and operation of water-energy microgrids considering resilience assessment

The increasing global water scarcity and energy supply disruptions pose substantial challenges to water-energy infrastructure resilience. While most previous studies addressed either the economic operation or resilience of water-energy systems separately, this work uniquely integrates reverse osmosis (RO) desalination, renewable-rich microgrid optimization, and quantitative resilience assessment within a unified Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival analysis framework. This integration fills a critical research gap in modeling how High-Impact Low- Probability (HILP) events jointly affect both water and power subsystems. The proposed model minimizes lifecycle costs while evaluating system survivability under extreme disruptions, incorporating photovoltaic (PV) generation, combined heat and power (CHP) units, battery storage, and grid interactions. Simulation results for a hospital-scale case study show an approximately 13 % reduction in total operating cost and a 22 % improvement in the resilience index relative to a baseline without desalination integration. The findings demonstrate that coupling desalination with renewable-rich microgrids significantly enhances both economic efficiency and system resilience under HILP scenarios, offering a robust framework for sustainable, resilient water-energy systems.