Modalities for conversion of waste to energy — Challenges and perspectives

The United Nation is achieving its sustainable development objectives by focusing on the greener technologies for waste to energy (WTE) conversion. This necessitates the exploration of every conceivable sustainable route in different sectors. Among these, sustainable bio-economy, electricity, and waste management are the most dynamic areas. However, till now sustainability judgments for the generation of electricity from waste-to-energy supply chain (WTE-SC) technologies have been restricted in scale with respect to the three-dimensional sustainability structure (social, environmental, and economic). In most of the cases, the assessments were controlled by various environmental factors/indicators, via overlooking the economic and social indicators. In this review, we have tried to summarize a variety of state-of-the-art WTE technologies including biological and thermal treatment, landfill gas utilization and biorefineries technologies etc. These technologies can be implemented by various policy makers and agencies to deal with the communities fear before spreading and executing the relevant rules and regulations. The implementation of these rules and regulations for WTE-SC were scheduled to decide the barriers and challenges from the perspective of finance, institution, technology, and regulation.