Mobile robot localization: Current challenges and future prospective

Mobile Robots (MRs) and their applications are undergoing massive development, requiring a diversity of autonomous or self-directed robots to fulfill numerous objectives and responsibilities. Integrating MRs with the Intelligent Internet of Things (IIoT) not only makes robots innovative, trackable, and powerful but also generates numerous threats and challenges in multiple applications. The IIoT combines intelligent techniques, including artificial intelligence and machine learning, with the Internet of Things (IoT). The location information (localization) of the MRs triggers innumerable domains. To fully accomplish the potential of localization, Mobile Robot Localization (MRL) algorithms need to be integrated with complementary technologies, such as MR classification, indoor localization mapping solutions, three-dimensional localization, etc. Thus, this paper endeavors to comprehensively review different methodologies and technologies for MRL, emphasizing intelligent architecture, indoor and outdoor methodologies, concepts, and security-related issues. Additionally, we highlight the diverse MRL applications where information about localization is challenging and present the various computing platforms. Finally, discussions on several challenges regarding navigation path planning, localization, obstacle avoidance, security, localization problem categories, etc., and potential future perspectives on MRL techniques and applications are highlighted.