Microstructure Evolution in Titanium Alloys and Metal Matrix Composites Manufactured via Powder Bed Fusion: A Comprehensive Review

In the realm of additive manufacturing, powder bed fusion (PBF) is recognized as an innovative and highly effective technique for manufacturing titanium-based materials. With an understanding of and regulation for the complex microstructural evolution that occurs during the PBF process, several previous studies have been conducted to enhance the reliability, efficiency, and performance of the PBF through investigation and optimization of microstructure evolution in PBF. These studies have examined various aspects, including feedstock materials, process parameters, and post-processing techniques, in order to gain a comprehensive understanding and control over the progression of microstructure in the PBF. Process parameters are widely acknowledged as critical determinants in the PBF process for titanium-based materials, significantly influencing the quality in 3D printed components. Previous studies have provided an in-depth discussion of the effects of process parameters, such as laser power, scanning speed, and hatching space, on the microstructure evolution of Ti-based materials. The primary objective of this review paper is, therefore, to provide a comprehensive and clear explanation of recent efforts, with a particular focus on investigating the complex evolution of microstructures in Ti-based materials during the PBF process. This thorough discussion is devoted to providing a comprehensive understanding of the effects of process parameters on the evolution of microstructures in Ti-based materials.