Methods for the conversion of biomass waste into value-added carbon nanomaterials: Recent progress and applications

In this chapter, we successfully prepared precarbonized agricultural biowaste-derived porous carbon (BDCO) materials through a straightforward carbonization process using agricultural waste as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective source of biowaste materials. This research used a sandwich between all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitors (ASSCs) using BDCO materials with PVA-Na2SO4 solid gel polymer (SGP) electrolyte consisting of Al/BDCO//SGP//BDCO/Al electrodes made by Swagelok cell. This configuration has not been previously implemented in the context of ASSCs, rendering it a highly promising design for future endeavors. In ASSCs performance, the BDCO materials have a high SpCs of 322.5 F/g at 0.125 A/g, ED of 40.3 Wh/kg, PD of 160.7 W/kg, and after 10,000 cycles, the BDCO materials retain 92.40% capacitance. This research examines innovative ASSC cells of their revolutionary nature and potential to help create new energy conversion and storage systems in the future.