Metal Halide Perovskite and Phosphorus Doped g-C₃N₄ Bulk Heterojunctions for Air-Stable Photodetectors

In this work, we fabricate photodetectors made of methylammonium lead trihalide perovskite (MLHP) and phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (PCN-S). Using thermal polymerization, PCN-S with a reduced band gap, are synthesized from low-cost precursors, making it feasible to form type-II bulk heterojunctions with perovskites. Owing to the bulk heterojunctions between PCN-S and MLHP, the dark current of the photodetectors significantly decreases from ∼10^-9 A for perovskite-only devices to ∼10^-11 A for heterojunction devices. As a result, not only does the on/off ratio of the hybrid devices increase from 10³ to 10⁵ but also the photodetectivity is enhanced by more than 1 order of magnitude (up to 10¹³ Jones) and the responsivity reaches a value of 14 A W^-1. Moreover, the hybridization of MLHP with PCN-S significantly modifies the hydrophilicity and morphology of the perovskite films, which dramatically increases their stability under ambient conditions. The hybrid photodetectors, described here, present a promising new direction toward stable and efficient optoelectronic applications.