Marine Resilience: Understanding the Durability and Effects on Concrete Structures—A Comprehensive Review

The persistent demand for robust and durable infrastructure in marine environment entails critical and comprehensive review, addressing the unique challenges posed in such aggressive environment. In this paper, the multifaceted issues regarding the durability of reinforced concrete structures in marine environments, aiming to provide a holistic understanding of the mechanisms, vulnerabilities, and effective remedial measures have been reviewed. Due to the presence of salt concentrations and diverse exposure zones, the structural integrity of reinforced concrete is jeopardized in marine environments, increasing the repair and retrofitting costs. The concrete structural degradation in marine environments involving mechanical properties degradation, reinforcement corrosion, alkali-aggregate reaction, shrinkage, sulfate attack, carbonation, and cracking may significantly reduce the service life of structures. By shedding light on the impact of the marine environment on crucial concrete properties, including compressive strength, chloride diffusion, concrete carbonation, porosity, and microstructure, the study aims to arm practitioners with comprehensive insights for informed decision-making in design and construction phases. Delving into design considerations, the paper outlines key parameters such as the selection of raw materials, adherence to the American standard design requirements, and effective crack control strategies. The significance of these considerations is further emphasized through an exploration of remedial measures, encompassing corrosion management, sulfate attack mitigation, alkali-aggregate reaction prevention, and strategies to mitigate freeze–thaw damage. Supported by insightful case studies, including a focus on concrete structures in the Gulf region and international examples, the paper bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical applications. These case studies not only validate the proposed principles but also offer tangible solutions and lessons learned from real-world scenarios. In conclusion, this comprehensive review responds to the imperative for a deeper understanding of the challenges posed by marine environments. By synthesizing crucial insights, design considerations, and remedial strategies, the paper provides a valuable resource for professionals engaged in marine construction, offering a roadmap toward resilient and enduring reinforced concrete structures in coastal and marine regions.