Mapping the surface of a shallow groundwater system using GPR: A case study in eastern Saudi Arabia

The Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is considered one of the most prolific oil-producing regions in the world. During the last three decades, cities in the province have vastly expanded due to various industrial and urban activities. As a result, a considerable number of developments, including suburbs as well as industrial facilities, have been built on top of sabkhas and sands with shallow groundwater systems. The proximity of shallow groundwater systems to the basement of many structures can influence building foundations and the hydrogeologic environment.