Life cycle assessment for strategic decision-making in achieving net zero

Net-zero carbon emissions are a serious global challenge that requires strategic planning (roadmaps) and comprehensive initiatives across all sectors, including individuals, governments, and industry. To achieve net-zero emissions (NZE) by 2050, all sectors play an important role in balancing reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Introducing systematic planning and strategic direction to mitigate existing emissions could reduce barriers to achieving net zero, particularly in reducing dependence on nonrenewable resources. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive framework that measures potential environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a product, process, material, system, or other measurable activity or service, following international standard procedures. The LCA is a systematic method crucial for addressing climate change and achieving NZE goals, contributing to a more sustainable process in plant production. LCA is a powerful tool that helps assess the overall performance of the actual environmental impacts and facilitates strategies for emission reduction. If LCA is neglected in any processes, GHG reduction efforts cannot be achieved. This chapter aims to systematically explore the role of LCA in assessing the environmental impact and sustainability of GHG emissions. Discuss how LCA can identify specific stages in the entire process. The advantage of LCA is its support for decision-making and tracking progress toward net-zero goals, which will help determine the necessary improvements in the process. The current research trends on LCA as a strategic decision tool in achieving net-zero goals will also be discussed. Analysing trend data can offer a valuable understanding of the research and development landscape, the current technologies in use, and potential areas for innovation. In conclusion, LCA is a comprehensive environmental impact assessment tool that guides strategic decision-making, identifies opportunities for improvement, and contributes to a more sustainable, low-carbon future. LCAs greatly contribute to the achievement of the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs). This is well covered by SDG 7 (transition to renewable energy solutions), SDG 9 (sustainable infrastructure to reduce carbon emissions), SDG 12 (focus on the circular economy), SDG 13 (to mitigate carbon emissions), SDG 11 (development of sustainable and green infrastructure) and SDG 14 and 15 (contribute to biodiversity conservation efforts).